Biography Of Andrew Jackson s Role Of Rebuilding The...

Mary Barukh Mr. Mutz U.S. History/ Block G 15 December 2015 Fall Final: 75 Years in the Making; 1865- 1940 Hello America, I have been a part of this great nation for 80 years. From the time I took my first breath as a baby to this exact moment of 1940. Over the years, I have traveled to experience and witness life changing events. Due to my past, I have gained a true sense of what it means to be an American. And believe me, America is something to be proud of. When I was little, Andrew Jackson was president. He took Abraham Lincoln’s role of rebuilding the South when he was assassinated. Even though America was morning the loss of Lincoln, Jackson stepped up. In May of 1865, he made an announcement about his plans for the reconstruction. Jackson believed in the Union and in State Right’s. Under Johnson’s plan all the land was taken away from the freed slaves and were given back to the previous owner before the war. With his promised loyalty to the Union and paying off the war debts, he gave state governments permission to rebuild. This led to a series of the â€Å"black codes† law. This limited what freed slaved were allowed to do. A year later the Freemans Bureau and the Civil Rights Act was created to help freed slaves. This became the first Act to ignore the president’s veto. Four years later, Congress approved the 15th amendment. It promised that citizens cannot be denied the right to vote no matter t heir race, color, or if they were previously a slave. Due to the

The Rhetorical Force of Landscape Art Essay - 1502 Words

The Rhetorical Force of Landscape Art Why talk about a rhetoric of images? The most obvious answer is that we live in an image-saturated society and a relevant rhetoric must pay attention to images, that W. J. T. Mitchell is right when he suggests that the rhetorical turn is being displaced by the pictorial turn. Beyond the obvious, the answers are multiple and layered. I want to suggest some answers by looking at some old pictures: Carleton Watkins landscape photographs of Yosemite and William Henry Jacksons landscape photographs and Thomas Morans water colors and paintings of Yellowstone. At a basic level, if rhetoric is, at the very least, about persuasion in conventional politics, images merit a look and have†¦show more content†¦Moran and Jackson accompanied the U.S. Geological Survey of the Territories to Yellowstone in 1871. Their presence was not accidental. Jackson had recently become a permanent member of the expedition. Moran was sent with the backing of the Northern Pacific Railroad and Scribners to join the expedition. Ferdinand Hayden, the expeditions leader, was aware of the value of public relations and was also under orders from the Secretary of the Interior to secure as full material as possible for the illustration of your final report, such as sketches, photographs, etc.,(quoted in Kinsey, 1992, p. 49). As photographer Jackson recalled, No photographs had as yet been published, and Dr. Hayden was determined that the first ones should be good. A series of fine pictures would not only supplement his final report but tell the story to thousands who might never read it (1940, p. 196). Jacksons photographs and Morans watercolors and illustrations were instrumental in the successful lobbying effort to get Congress to designate Yellowstone the countrys first national park. More significantly, I contend that the landscape art of Watkins, Jackson, and Moran are not merely evidence in a conventional political argument. They are not simply representing reality or making an argument aboutShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Wild Swans At Coole 1004 Words   |  5 Pagesthe increasingly complex form of his poetry which challenges existing perspectives on mortality as well as philosophy on beauty and art in order to find new ways of perceiving the world. In ‘Wild Swans at Coole’ (1919), Yeats urges his readers to discover the inevitability of mortality through the guidance of his personal questioning; transience of natural beauty and art also encompasses an aspect of his search for truth. ‘Among School Children’ (1928) is a continuation of Yeats’ searching process asRead More Comparing Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and Our Time1278 Words   |  6 Pagesand minds of their audience.    The authors must bring middle class white readers as close to the slave plantation or the Ghetto or the prison cell as possible. For this reason, both authors refer to the reader with questions. This rhetorical device forces the reader to place herself in the situation of the main character. For example, when discussing the abuse she took from her master, Dr. flint, Jacobs asks, But where could I turn for protection?(477). Jacobs needs to make the reader understandRead MoreA Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful: Edmund Burke1299 Words   |  6 PagesBeautiful and Sublime†, provide important reflections on literature and nature. These contributions and distinctions have remained in force even after the systematization of aesthetic notions that are carried out in modern times. As it can be appreciated, the history of the sublime is as ancient as philosophy. But ultimately the art is which gives life to the sublime: an art that is manifested not only in the great works but also in the phenomena of the sensible world, as well as in the proposals andRead MoreComparison Between Roman And Roman Civilization1565 Words   |  7 Pagesintelligence something could’ve been devised to limit it basic. Its irresistible dwindling of knowledge and its mindset all played a role in the effects of it. During years in pre-roman Greek republics along with local dynasties Tyrants and kings Motivated Art, literature with Science to such a degree that Civilized world that thickly dotted over with intellectual centuries. Conquest diminishes a greater part in a Psychological life. Roman Government subdued in Demoralizing in barely survived. To absenceRead MoreAmusing Ourselves to Death by Neil Postman1180 Words   |  5 Pages Neil Postman writes, Amusing Ourselves to Death to address a television-based epistemology pollutes public communication and its surrounding landscape, not that it pollutes everything. The book was produced in 1984 in a time where television was an emerging epidemic and other forms of communication that today have taken flight, didn’t exist. It is directed to people who have let television drag them away from their Focus and attention to comprehend as they have lost the ability to bring forth yourRead MoreThe Artifacts Of The Past2785 Words   |  12 Page sBecause the history of art is, for the most part, a history of theft; questions over its ownership are bound to ensue. So, how do we decide who owns art, and subsequently, history? Prevailing postcolonial ideologies, might characterise museums as imperial despoilers in which their possession of artefacts showcase the dispossession of cultural identity from the colonised, robbing the motif behind acquired objects. This works in conjunction with the idea that when an ancient work of art is removed from itsRead MoreThe Marbles : British Museum Loan3096 Words   |  13 Pagesthe topic for my major project, I realised that returning art to its country of origin, is indeed a complex issue. I felt that it was natural for nations to desire aspects of their past and connections to their ancestors returned. However, some of these nations had either long neglected their culture or honestly did not possess proper resources to look after these objects if restored. However, after researching be neath the surface of art repatriation and looking at each object on a case to case basisRead MoreCritical Metaphor Analysis Approach7941 Words   |  32 PagesTO 1987 CONSERVATIVE PARTY CONFERENCE IN BLACKPOOL V. CONCLUSION VI. REFERENCES VII. APPENDIX I I. ------------------------------------------------- INTRODUCTION Rhetoric is the art of persuading others. Persuation is an interactive communicative process in which a message sender aims to influence the beliefs, attitudes and behaviour of the message receiver( cf. Jowettamp; O’Donnell 1992:21-26) Persuation involves exploitingRead MoreContemporary American Poetry and Its Public Worlds Essay8159 Words   |  33 Pagesinadequate because the poets face a world in which the very gesture of seeking private space seems heavily mediated by the forces of therapeutic culture and the fantasies proposed in various kinds of advertising. For poetry to achieve cultural currency, in both senses of that term, it may have to find ways of reconciling the energies of romantic lyricism to overtly rhetorical ambitions and strategies. It will take me a long time to get to those ambitions because I first have to clarify plausibleRead MoreEssay on Happiness and Drought2705 Words   |  11 Pagesconversational and lyrical narrative. In the first two lines we are given the stage in which the dead man’s story is to be told. â€Å"The earth keeps some vibration going There in your heart, and that is you.† (ll. 1-2) This portrayal of Earth as a natural force can be read in two ways. On one hand, the Earth can be viewed as a natural source that produces the life of a human. But one cannot ignore the fact that Masters deliberately placed the words your and you in these lines. With these words Masters sets

Write a Short Describing the Role of Nutrition free essay sample

The process of digestion seems deceptively simple, matter moves into the body and continues down a conveyer belt like chain of organs that break it down completely before it leaves the body. However, the maintenance of such a system is complex and relies on a balance of pH and helpful bacteria to maintain homeostasis. Both acidic and basic pH’s are required at various points in digestion to maintain balance during the process. Saliva in the mouth, the starting point of digestion, is only mildly acidic for the purpose of initially breaking down the food without damaging the teeth or delicate throat tissue. The stomach, on the other hand, needs to be highly acidic to jump-start the breakdown process as well as act as a defense for the body against any harmful bacteria or other intruders. To balance things out on the basic side, it is important that the small intestine has a high pH, because most of the enzymes used in digestion cant function properly in an acidic environment. Helpful bacteria also are integral to maintaining homeostasis in the digestive system. It is estimated that the average human has around 500 species of helpful bacteria, also known as intestinal microflora, in the digestive tract, mostly concentrated in the large intestine. These bacteria aid in digestion, help produce vitamins, help formulate excrement and guard against harmful bacteria. When the bacteria population in a digestive tract is thrown off or decimated, the host will notice a change in the pace and quality of digestion. Microflora species have such a positive effect on their host that there are many products available, mostly yogurts, that contain material that supports intestinal microfloras growth and health. Homeostasis is a condition by which the biological / physical body is not lacking any nutrients and all needed nutritional components are readily available in their proper forms and amounts so every biological function can operate unimpeded. When various nutrients are lacking, some bodily functions will be undernourished. The essential bodily functions will receive their proper nutrients first so life can continue. Non-essential bodily functions will then suffer due to lack of all nutrients needed for their full function. Examples of non-essential bodily functions are: hair, skin, sexual function, muscles, tendons, vertebral discs, etc. Examples of essential bodily functions are: heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, etc. After the body has received all the nutrients it needs for the essential bodily functions, then the non-essential complaint receives its needed nutritional components and those complaints will usually resolve on their own. Water is essential to life and nutritional health. Humans can live for several weeks without food, but can survive only a few days without water. Water makes up a large percentage of the body, in muscles, fat cells, blood and even bones. Every cell, tissue and organ requires water to function properly. Water transports nutrients and oxygen to the cells, provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place, helps to flush out waste products, aids in maintaining a constant body temperature, and keeps the tissues in the skin, mouth, eyes, and nose moist. The body does not store excess water like it does with other nutrients. With physical exertion, water requirements increase; therefore, fluid replacement during exercise is critical. The longer the duration and the more physical exertion athletes put into their exercise, the more fluid they lose during workouts. To keep the body working at its best, it is essential to replenish lost fluid after workouts, and to stay well hydrated during exercise. The body can accommodate extreme changes in water intake when the brain and kidneys are functioning normally. It is usually possible for a person to consume enough water to maintain blood volume and electrolyte balance in the blood. However, if a person is unable to consume enough water to equal excessive water loss, dehydration may result. The body works to maintain water balance through mechanisms such as the thirst sensation. When the body requires more water, the brain stimulates nerve centers in the brain to encourage a person to drink in order to replenish the water stores. The kidneys are responsible for maintaining homeostasis of the body water through the elimination of waste products and excess water. Water is primarily absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and excreted by the kidneys as urine. Water intake can vary widely on a daily basis and is influenced by such factors as: access to water, thirst, habit, and cultural factors. The variation in water volume ingested is dependent on the ability of kidneys to dilute and concentrate the urine as needed. There is a reservoir of water outside of the bloodstream that can replace or absorb excess water in the blood when necessary. The following conditions increase water consumption needs. However, the amount of water necessary depends on body size, age, climate, and exertion level. Water needs are increased by; Exercise, High altitudes, Prescription drugs, Dieting and Illness. Individuals should not wait until they are thirsty to replenish water stores. By the time the thirst mechanism signals the brain to encourage a person to drink water, already 1–3% of the body fluids are lost and an individual is mildly dehydrated.

Security And Privacy Of Biometric Recognition

Question: Research into the different types of biometric systems which are currently available for access control systems. Briefly describe the techniques and technologies used for each type and discuss the advantages and disadvantages for the three types below. Give an example application when each type could be used. Answer: The biometric sensors or the gain access to control systems usually are classified into two kinds these are physiological Biometrics and the Behavioral Biometric.The physiological biometrics might include the following; face recognition, palm and gait recognition as well as the Iris recognition (Myers, 2017, pp. 43). On the other hand the behavioral biometric include the signature, voice recognition. Physiological biometrics Palm and gait recognition When it comes to the palm recognition there is a three dimensional image of the hand which is collected and compared to the stored sample. This device performs a great amount of the identification within a short time. These technologies are installed in the situations where there is a large number of individuals such as the airports (Prabhakar, Pankanti Jain, 2003, pp. 33-42). On the other hand this technology is expressed not only by the way an individual looks or sounds, but also the manner in which a person walks. The technology is applied to moving perambulatory subjects. This technology is useful especially in the surveillance (Ross Jain, 2004, pp. 134-145). Advantages They could be utilized in a range of the environment. They can perform a great amount of identification within a short period of time (Ross Jain, 2004, pp. 145). Disadvantage The performance of the technology could deteriorate over time. They have the added difficulty of having to sample and identify the movement especially for the gait recognition. Face recognition This kind of biometric computer application that is capable of identifying as well as verifying a individual from the digital image through comparing as well as analyzing the patterns. These kind of biometric systems are used in the security systems (Prabhakar, Pankanti Jain, 2003, pp. 33-42). The application works with the face prints and the systems are capable of recognizing 80 nodal points on the human face. Advantages The technology is capable of searching against the static image such as the driver license or even the passports. It is the only biometric which is capable of operating without the cooperation of the user. Matching of the accuracy is reduced as a result of the acquisition environment. Disadvantages Matching of the accuracy is reduced as a result of the reduced changes especially in the physiological aspects. Most of the devices are unable to enroll some percent of the users as well as performance could be deteriorated over time. Iris recognition In this kind of bio-metric the method used in identifying individual depends on the single patterns in the region of the ring shaped encircled the pupil of eye (Prabhakar, Pankanti Jain, 2003, pp. 33-42). Furthermore, it includes a blue, gray or brown color with the hard patterns which are recognizable when one looks closely. Advantages There are high levels of accuracy with this biometric This biometric technology can maintain stability of the features over some time. Disadvantage The disadvantage of iris biometric is that it has a propensity for the false rejection. The acquisition of the images entails some moderate attention as well as training. Behavioral Biometric Voice recognition This is a technology that is utilized to produce speech patterns via combining both behavioral along with physiological aspects which are captured through processing the speech technology. The significant properties that are utilized to authenticate the speech is the nasal tone (Ross Jain, 2004, 140). This biometric could be separated into the various categories based on the type of authentication domain such as fixed text method, text independent method or even the conversational techniques. Signature recognition This type of biometric method is used in analyzing as well as measuring the physical activity of signing the pressure utilized, the order of the stroke and the speed. A number of the biometric are utilized to review the visual images of the signatures. This biometric might be operated into alternative ways for example the static and the dynamic. Advantages and disadvantages of the biometrics Advantages Increased security: Biometric technology could offer a higher degree when it comes to the security as compared to the other traditional authentication methods. Increased convenience: the use of the biometric authentication allows higher levels of the rights and the privileges with a much success to the authentication (Myers, 2017, pp. 49). They allow an increase convenience since they can protect the data without any need for the human intervention. Increased accountability: the deployment of the biometric application to secure access to the computers as well as other facilities eliminate any occurrences such as the buddy punching, thus offer a higher level of certainty on who to access the system. Disadvantages There is tendency of privacy abuse due to the non-cooperative enrollment as well as identification capabilities. (b) Privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) used on the Internet Communications anonymizers: These technologies usually hide the real online identity such as the IP address and the email address and then replace them with the non-traceable identity. These technologies could be applied to the email, web browsing, as well as the instant messaging. Enhanced privacy ID: It is a digital signature algorithm supporting anonymity. It provides a typical grouping public verification crucial related to lots of the unique private signature keys. The application was made to permit prove a device to the external party what type of the device it is without necessary revealing the exact identity. Access to personal data: This service providers provides the infrastructure that allows the users to inspect, correct or perhaps remove all the data that is stored at the service provider. Different types of threats and vulnerabilities which can be used to attack the WSN Denial of service attack (DoS) These occurs when the attacker continuously bombards the Access point which is targeted or even a network with the bogus requests, failure information, as well as the commands (Alam De, 2014, pp. 67). DoS attack is an event which diminishes or even eliminate the capacity of the network in performing the expected function through the failures of the hardware, bugs in the software, exhaustion of the resources, as well as the malicious transmitting of the higher energy signals . The communication techniques could be jammed entirely in case such attacks might be successful (Lupu, Rudas, Demiralp Mastorakis, 2009, pp.54). Other denial of the services attacks is much possible such as inhibiting communication through the violation of the MAC protocol (Lupu, Rudas, Demiralp Mastorakis, 2009, pp. 59). These might result in authentic end users to manage to get to the network and might cause the network in crashing (Ghildiyal, Mishra, Gupta Garg, 2014, pp. 1163). This attack generally rely on the abuse of the protocols for instance the Extensible Authentication protocol. How to mitigate the threat The technique which is used to prevent this attack includes the payment for the network resources, push back as well as a strong authentication along with the identification of the traffic. Moreover, there are some other techniques which are used in securing the reprogramming process such as the authentication flows (Lupu, Rudas, Demiralp Mastorakis, 2009, pp. 65). The choice for the DoS is to rekey the request packet. Therefore, it comes from the node only when two consecutive keys have been invalidated or lifetime of the key has expired. Sybil Attack: Wireless sensor network is vulnerable to the Sybil attack. In this case the node could be more than one node which is utilizing various identities of the legal nodes. A given single node could present multi identities to the other nodes which are in the network (Lupu, Rudas, Demiralp Mastorakis, 2009). Sybil attack it tries to degrade the integrity of the data, security as well as the utilization of the resource which the distributed algorithm attempts to achieve. Figure 1: The diagram show the Sybil attack How to mitigate the vulnerability This vulnerability could be mitigated through authentication as well as encryption mechanisms which prevent the outsiders from launching the attack to the wireless sensor networks (Ngo, Makihara, Nagahara, Mukaigawa Yagi, 2014, pp. 228-237). Moreover, the use of the public key cryptography could be used to avoid the insider attack. This method could be very costly especially to the resource constructed sensor networks. Identities need to be verified through use of the public key cryptography (Fragkiadakis, Angelakis Tragos, 2014, pp. 78). Other ways to prevent the vulnerability would be through use of the radio resource testing, verification of the key sets especially to the random pre-distribution of the key and the registration and position verification particularly in the sensor networks. Software attacks When it comes to the software program dependent attacks on the WSNs, the attacker might try making adjustment to the software code in the memory or perhaps exploiting the known vulnerabilities when it comes to the code of the software (Galbally, Marcel Fierrez, 2014, pp. 710-724). Example of a well known attack is the buffer overflow attack. In this attack the method attempts to store the data beyond the boundaries of the set length of the buffer, therefore results to overwriting extra data on the adjoining locations of the memory. How to mitigate the vulnerability/threat There are various countermeasures which could be employed to secure the WSN software and prevent it against software attacks they are follows: Authentication and validation of the software through remote software based attestation especially to the sensor networks. Defining accurate trust of the boundaries to the various components and users. Utilizing of the restricted environment for example the Java Virtual Machine (Rao, Rai Narain, 2017, pp. 4-8). Attestation of the hardware: It is the trusted computing group platform as well as the next generation acquire computing base that provides this kind of attestation. A more equivalent model might be utilized in the sensor networks (Kumar, Jain Barwal, 2014, pp. 859-868). Dynamic runtime encryption and decryption for the software program. This really is much like encrypting or even decrypting the data except that the code is running on the device which is being decrypted (Wu, Ota, Dong Li, 2016, pp. 416-424). This could prevent any kind of malicious user from exploiting this particular software. References Alam, S., De, D. (2014). Analysis of security threats in wireless sensor network. arXiv preprint arXiv:1406.0298. Fragkiadakis, A., Angelakis, V., Tragos, E. Z. (2014). Securing cognitive wireless sensor networks: a survey. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 2014. Galbally, J., Marcel, S., Fierrez, J. (2014). Image quality assessment for fake biometric detection: Application to iris, fingerprint, and face recognition. IEEE transactions on image processing, 23(2), 710-724. Ghildiyal, S., Mishra, A. K., Gupta, A., Garg, N. (2014). Analysis of Denial of Service (DOS) Attacks in wireless sensor networks. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 3, 2319-1163. Kumar, V., Jain, A., Barwal, P. N. (2014). Wireless sensor networks: security issues,challenges and solutions. International Journal of Information and Computation Technology (IJICT), 4(8), 859-868. Lupu, T. G., Rudas, I., Demiralp, M., Mastorakis, N. (2009, September). Main types of attacksin wireless sensor networks. In WSEAS International Conference. Proceedings. Recent Advances in Computer Engineering (No. 9). WSEAS. Myers, S. A. (2017). U.S. Patent No. 9697409B2. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Ngo, T. T., Makihara, Y., Nagahara, H., Mukaigawa, Y., Yagi, Y. (2014). The largest inertial sensor-based gait database and performance evaluation of gait-based personal authentication. Pattern Recognition, 47(1), 228-237. Prabhakar, S., Pankanti, S., Jain, A. K. (2003). Biometric Recognition: Security and privacy concerns. IEEE security privacy, 99(2), 33-42. Rao, J D. P., Rai, M. S., Narain, B. (2017). A study of Network Attacks and Features of Secure Protocols. Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 8(1), 04-08. Ross, A., Jain, A. (2004, May). Biometric sensor interoperability: A case study in fingerprints. In ECCV Workshop BioAW (pp. 134-145). Wu, J., Ota, K., Dong, M., Li, C. (2016). A hierarchical security framework for defending against sophisticated attacks on wireless sensor networks in smart cities. IEEE Access, 4, 416-424.

Chinese Way To Market Economy Essays - Economy Of China, China

Chinese Way To Market Economy Introduction Beginning in late 1978 the Chinese leadership has been trying to move the economy from a sluggish Soviet-style centrally planned economy to a more market-oriented economy but still within a rigid political framework of Communist Party control. To this end the authorities switched to a system of household responsibility in agriculture in place of the old collectivization, increased the authority of local officials and plant managers in industry, permitted a wide variety of small-scale enterprise in services and light manufacturing, and opened the economy to increased foreign trade and investment. The result has been a quadrupling of GDP since 1978 (CIA, 1998). Agricultural output doubled in the 1980s, and industry also posted major gains, especially in coastal areas near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan, where foreign investment helped spur output of both domestic and export goods. On the darker side, the leadership has often experienced in its hybrid system the worst result s of socialism (bureaucracy, lassitude, corruption) and of capitalism (windfall gains and stepped-up inflation). Beijing thus has periodically backtracked, retightening central controls at intervals. In 1992-97 annual growth of GDP accelerated, particularly in the coastal areas?averaging about 10% annually according to official figures (CIA, 1998). This purpose will analyze the efforts of China's government to restore its economy to a more performing one in spite of many challenges. China's Economy: An Overview Over the past 10 years, China's GDP has grown at an average annual rate of nearly 10%. Some economists have speculated that China could become the world's largest economy at some point in the near future. However, future economic growth will likely depend on the ability of the Chinese government to make significant new reforms. Chinese officials have recently announced major new initiatives to reform money-losing state-owned enterprises and China's banking system. It remains to be seen whether such reforms will be implemented on a wholesale or piecemeal level (Yifu, 1998). China's emergence as a global economic and trade power has created economic opportunities for China's trading partners, but has presented several challenges as well. On the one hand, China's economic growth has made it an increasingly important trading partner for many nations. On the other hand, China's trade barriers, failure to adopt most multilateral rules on international trade, and the relative absence of the rule of law for business activities have often proved to be major barriers for doing business in China and have been the cause of growing tensions with various trading partners, especially the United States (Yifu, 1998). Currently, China Bibliography Introduction Beginning in late 1978 the Chinese leadership has been trying to move the economy from a sluggish Soviet-style centrally planned economy to a more market-oriented economy but still within a rigid political framework of Communist Party control. To this end the authorities switched to a system of household responsibility in agriculture in place of the old collectivization, increased the authority of local officials and plant managers in industry, permitted a wide variety of small-scale enterprise in services and light manufacturing, and opened the economy to increased foreign trade and investment. The result has been a quadrupling of GDP since 1978 (CIA, 1998). Agricultural output doubled in the 1980s, and industry also posted major gains, especially in coastal areas near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan, where foreign investment helped spur output of both domestic and export goods. On the darker side, the leadership has often experienced in its hybrid system the worst result s of socialism (bureaucracy, lassitude, corruption) and of capitalism (windfall gains and stepped-up inflation). Beijing thus has periodically backtracked, retightening central controls at intervals. In 1992-97 annual growth of GDP accelerated, particularly in the coastal areas?averaging about 10% annually according to official figures (CIA, 1998). This purpose will analyze the efforts of China's government to restore its economy to a more performing one in spite of many challenges. China's Economy: An Overview Over the past 10 years, China's GDP has grown at an average annual rate of nearly 10%. Some economists have speculated that China could become the world's largest economy at some point in the near future. However, future economic growth will likely depend on the ability of the Chinese government to make significant new reforms. Chinese

buy custom FedRex Worldwide Courier Inc essay

buy custom FedRex Worldwide Courier Inc essay In the recent years, the urge of owning up a business as compared to be in a formal employment has drastically increased. This has resulted from reduced employment chances in industries, government offices, and Non-governmental organisation among other notable organisations. To most of up coming entrepreneurs, they face the challenge of lack of capital, reduced levels of knowhow and increased competitions from well-established firms. Ebbena Johnson defines entrepreneurs as risk takers who are innovative and see the world a bit differently from others and customers are their own bosses. One of the most successful companies, which started from humble grounds and later conquered the global market, known as FedRex Worldwide Courier Inc (FWC). The company headquarters is in Pretoria, South Africa and headed by Peter Nguish as the firms CEO. In order to understand the operations of FedRex Worldwide Courier Inc, I carried out an interview with the firms CEO. What size is your business? My business is big in terms of daily deliveries across the globe, capital base, employees and annual revenues. For instances, FWC has branches in over 60 countries in different parts of the world and is listed in the Fortune 1000 How many employees are there? I have more than 500 employees across the globe, although 40% of these employees are African continent, as it served as the domestic market, before going global. Why did you decide to go into business for yourself? The main reason for undertaking this venture by my self is the fact that, most of people whom I approached to collaborate with refused to do so, as they viewed this as a risky venture. For most of the courier services started in South Africa, 60% of them end up collapsing due to lack of adequate strategic planning. How many years have you been in business? I have been in business for eleven years, four in the domestic market and the rest in interational markets. What is the main product or service that you sell? FedRex Worldwide Courier Inc is service industry running programs such as FedRex Express, which the largest segment, FedRex Ground, FedEx Express, which the largest segment, FedEx Ground, FedEx Freight, FedEx Custom Critical among other smaller segments, FedRex Custom Critical among other smaller segments. For instance, FedRex Ground deals with all ground deliveries, while FedRex Freight deals with all air deliveries. Who was your first client? My first customer was South African government, who gave me tender to transport building material from Johannesburg to Pretoria. Who are your customers? Due to the fact that FedRex Worldwide Courier Inc is a global firm, I have clients from all regions, but 60% of customers are mainly government institutions. Currently am delivering different merchandises to more than 16 government institutions in countries such as Brazil, Kenya, Britain, Chile, and Canada among others. To these government institutions, construction materials are the main products I deliver to them as they are mostly in developing economies. An overview of the business and the owner FedRex Worldwide Courier Inc is one of the most successful courier companies in the 21st century. The firm has adopted the right strategic planning aspects, such as staffing and customer services, all of which has helped the firm to conquer the international markets. The CEO has employed managerial methods, thus motivating the employees and enabling the firm to integrate with community it serves. One of the connections between the owner and business profile is focus on business enlargement to international markets, thus more profitability levels. I was surprised by the owners background due to its large presence in more than 60 countries globally, despite its humble background in Pretoria. This analysis is a clear indicator that of the fact that, entrepreneurs should be ready to take risk on business ventures they may wish to get in to. Through strategic planning, entrepreneurs to achieve the expected results, despite the prevailing market condition. 2. Owner profile Do you enjoy working for yourself? Why? I really enjoy working by working by my self. The main reason for this is the fact that, I can make quick decisions regarding the business, thus averting any possible managerial crises that may take place. What are two advantages of owning your own business? One of the main advantages of owning the business was the few legal requirements, which was required at the initial stage as compared to if the business was a form of partnership. Further, I enjoy all the profits made by the company. What are two disadvantages of owning your own business? One of the main disadvantages facing the firm is the fact that all decision making mostly rest on my shoulders as the business owner. Further, incur all looses made by the firm. How did you prepare for your business? Did you receive specific training or a degree? In order to start the business, I approached financial institutions such as Investec Bank Limited, Sasfin Bank Limited among other notable institutions for financial advice. They gave me ideas on how to write and prepare a business proposal, which was vital for staring the business. How do you stay current with innovations and technologies in your industry and for your business? To stay competitive, both in the domestic and international markets, my business have adopted modern technologies such as location merchandise through online process. Further, the firm is using contemporary means of marketing through social networking sites such as Twitter, Face book among others. Buy custom FedRex Worldwide Courier Inc essay

Psychological science reaction paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Psychological science reaction paper - Essay Example This paper will focus upon empirical findings that support the forgetting aspects of the cognitive process namely whether forgetting occurs as an implicit automatic process of cognition or does it occur as a direct reaction of an explicit traumatic event. The existence of an implicit repression process to prevent awareness of unwanted data is supported by Freud’s neurological model of voluntary repression (Anderson, Ochsner, Kuhl, Cooper, Robertson, Gabrieli, Glover, & Gabrieli, 2004). Freud explains that memory excludes unwanted data from awareness using an automated implicit process termed repression which may be affected by emotional related explicit factors (Anderson et. al.). Repression is a neural process observed empirically using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Anderson et. al. discuss that empirical findings using fMRI observations of participants during both uninhibited and inhibited forgetting episodes illustrate that neuro-chemical processes occur during the repression process. The two brain sections involved in the repression are the hippocampus and lateral prefrontal cortex. An observed increase of dorsolateral prefrontal activation reduces hippocampal activation which in turn impairs retention of m emory. Both regions are also essential to successful memory formation process and retention process of which repression occurs when retrieval to those two processes is inhibited. The experiment suggests further that the two brain sections have an implicit forgetting process that functions automatically and may be affected by chemicals that occur during emotional episodes. During the experiment when forgetting was reinforced by an introduction of an explicit emotional factor to induce forgetting the participants used their mental memories coupled with an emotion response in the repression process. The intensity of the emotion correlated to the mind’s perception of trauma. The results conclude that the brain recognizes

Daimler-Benz Marketing Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7250 words

Daimler-Benz Marketing Plan - Research Paper Example Indian automobile market and industry are presented, which will be helpful in building up a scenario, where Daimler can actually present facts and figures to the management in assisting them to launch a new model of car in India. For this reason, a detailed market research has been conducted which entails market summary, demographics of the target market, market requirements, trends and market growth. Additionally a SWOT analysis is also presented in order to enable the management to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that Daimler will be facing in India. The market analysis section also includes competition in the automobile industry, products offered by the competitors, critical success factors and issues that will be arising on the Indian automobile market’s horizon for Daimler. The market analysis conducted in section 2 of the report will help in developing a marketing plan which entails the marketing and financial objectives, identifying the tar get market, positioning of the product and the strategies to promote the product efficiently. Marketing strategy section will be followed by a detailed financial analysis to estimate the investments and returns. In the end, controls and revenue management report will be provided to overcome the risks involved for Daimler-Benz while entering into the Indian market with its new product. 2. Situation Analysis Daimler-Benz is present in Indian automobile market for over 50 years. The company is engaged in offering its prestigious vehicles to the rich Indian market where it is well preferred over other prestigious car manufacturing brands. Now the company has decided to offer its Hybrid cars to the potential Indian market. Daimler, just like other markets, believes that the quality, durability,... The paper includes competition in the automobile industry, products offered by the competitors, critical success factors and issues that will be arising on the Indian automobile market’s horizon for Daimler. The market analysis conducted in the report will help in developing a marketing plan which entails the marketing and financial objectives, identifying the target market, positioning of the product and the strategies to promote the product efficiently. Marketing strategy section will be followed by a detailed financial analysis to estimate the investments and returns. In the end, controls and revenue management report will be provided to overcome the risks involved for Daimler-Benz while entering into the Indian market with its new product. Daimler-Benz is present in Indian automobile market for over 50 years. The company is engaged in offering its prestigious vehicles to the rich Indian market where it is well preferred over other prestigious car manufacturing brands. Now the company has decided to offer its Hybrid cars to the potential Indian market. Daimler, just like other markets, believes that the quality, durability, energy efficiency and eco-friendly features of the Hybrid cars will be the key to success in India. For this reason, besides paying special attention towards the above mentioned four features, Daimler also believes that handling over the market research and strategy formulation to a local firm who knows Indian culture and has sufficient knowledge of how to make the launch of Hybrid cars, a success story.

Two short essays Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Two short essays - Assignment Example As technologies progress and science-based approaches in finding evidences prior to decision making increase, some women experiencing monthly menstrual cycle are holding on to the hope of becoming finally free from the discomforts linked to menstruation. At last, it was found that menstruation can be controlled, and just like how the principle of taking a pregnancy pill works, women can also suppress the natural menstrual blood flow each month. However, there are prevailing concerns on this; especially on the issue of how â€Å"natural† is this approach prior to finally seeing women taking it into great account (Thomas & Ellertson, 2000, p.923). Concerning this, the Society for Menstrual Cycle Research (2007) argued that menstruation is not a disease; hence, it should not be suppressed to flow naturally in the woman’s healthy life. The medicalization of the menstrual cycle is both beneficial and might be destructive at some point. It is beneficial when the act itself is done in order to correct a defective menstrual cycle. However, if its primary aim is to suppress the natural menstrual cycle of a woman, then it is another story. The impact of medicalization of menstrual cycle on women’s sense of well-being is a great point to consider. In the first place, it is natural for a woman to undergo a menstrual cycle each month. This is significantly true to almost all healthy with mature reproductive potential women or girls around the world. Suppressing it therefore does not make sense. Estrogen and progesterone hormones are essential actors for this phenomenon to take place. However, these hormones are also important for the proper functioning of a women’s physical body. In fact, the lack of these hormones leads to some women on their menopausal stage to experience various discomforts, physical, emotional and psychological (Love, 2000; Society for Menstrual Cycle Research, 2007). Women are different from men.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Hydrogen Energy Environmental Sciences Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Hydrogen Energy Environmental Sciences Essay Hydrogen is a combination of the Greek words Hydro and Genes meaning water and generator. It is the first element in the periodic table. Hydrogen is the main component of water, which covers over 60% of the planets surface. 1Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the world, although it also exists as a free gas on Earth. Currently hydrogen is produced mainly from fossil fuels for industrial purposes in petroleum refining, chemical production, metal manufacturing and electronics production. Hydrogen technologies are the technologies will associate with the production use of hydrogen. Hydrogen technology is the key to the advancement and improvement of fuel cells running on natural gas for domestic combined heat and power systems and for the distribution of electricity. Hydrogen technologies can replace incompetent traditional combustion technologies which waste up to 2 / 3 of the fuel used. There are different ways of making hydrogen in the UK. The most inexpensive way is to convert natural gas into hydrogen by a process called reformation. The Reforming of natural gas into a hydrogen produces CO2 but no more than burning it. However, using the hydrogen in a hydrogen fuel cell or using the natural gas itself in a natural gas fuel cell .The best use from natural gas is to use it as in fuel cells, either directly or reforming it into hydrogen. 2.2 FUEL CELL A fuel cell integrates hydrogen with oxygen from the air in a chemical reaction, producing electricity. 7 One of the fuel cell types is for transport, (the proton exchange membrane fuel cell and it consists of two electrodes, and it is separated by a membrane. ) 2.3 UK DEVELOPMENT PATH Hydrogen use in the UK start with transport particularly for fuelling fleet vehicles and buses. U.K. Technology Strategy Board (TSB) Awards  £9m to Aid Hydrogen Fuel Cell Development Source : Energy technology companies are set to receive  £9 million of funding for projects involving fuel cells and hydrogen technologies, it was announced today (August 28). The government sponsored Technology Strategy Board (TSB) is to invest the money, along with a further  £500,000 from government agency the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), into nine hydrogen fuel cell projects. 8Airbus to take off with fuel cell auxiliary power October 9, 2009 by Lisa Sibley, Cleantech Group UK-based Intelligent Energy says its technology is expected to help the French aircraft manufacturer reduce emissions and decrease fuel consumption 9Hydrogen fuel cell hybrid buses to hit the road in Sunderland 10 November 2009 Two hydrogen fuel cell hybrid buses are set to hit the streets of Sunderland, UK as part of a unique RD program that is bringing Chinese expertise to the region. The UK regional development agency One North East has invested  £314  000 (US$523  000) to sponsor the ECO2Trans hydrogen buses project, which is converting two electric Gulliver U500EUK buses into hydrogen vehicles using a fuel cell, battery and capacitor combination. 4The hydrogen fuel cell buses being introduced  in London will use an electric motor, with the hydrogen stored in tanks on the roof. 3. infrastructure FOR a hydrogen economy IN the UK 7An infrastructure is defined as a collection of technologies that are connected together in a specified way and are grouped into the following five categories: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ sources of energy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ conversion (including compression) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ fuel transportation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ storage à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ demand. The technical model of hydrogen infrastructures developed on a nodal network structure. Transporting hydrogen is a very important part of the cost of the transfered product. The design of infrastructure includes the gas pipelines and rail lines for delivering inputs for producing hydrogen that will be an integral part of the delivery system. The main challenges in achieving the best delivery system include selection of the site for hydrogen production and establishing a possible transportation network.The hydrogen infrastructure in the UK was evaluate current and potential hydrogen production and storage options. The key findings of the research were that there are three main areas where hydrogen is produced at a commercial scale. These areas are the Northwest of England, Teeside (England)and South Wales. The infrastructure scenarios focus on two hydrogen production technologies-steam reforming of natural gas and electrolysis of water-and the different scales at which such plant can be installed. The majority of hydrogen is produced by stream reformation of natural gas, although a proportion of worldwide hydrogen is produced as a by-product of Ethylene production via cracking. Most Liquid hydrogen is also imported from France, however it is very expensive. In the short to medium term, the available gas production and supply system is incapable of supporting a major expansion of the use of hydrogen in fuel cell . 11Hydrogen infrastructure for refuelling London buses. Imperial College London is examining transition strategies for a hydrogen infrastructure for vehicle refueling in London under a project funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). Imperial has five project partners from industry and local government to assist in this study: the Greater London Authority (GLA), BP, BOC, BMW and Air Products.

Essay --

â€Å"The world’s information is doubling every two years. Inter- national Data corporation believes that the Digital Universe will grow by 44 times that of 2009 by 2020. IBM estimates that data is growing at a compound annual growth rate of 64% a year or more.†[2] In such a scenario handling data in an effective manner is really important. There is a huge in- crease in data from experimental sciences. Data today comes in all types of formats. It may be structured or unstructured. Unstructured data is everywhere, some of the examples are satellite images, photographs and videos, social media data, scientific data, financial transactions and the list goes on.[3] Different types of information will have different properties. Managing and governing all these different variety of data is not easy. Beyond that managing the data without affecting the performance of the system is crucial. In this paper we will be going through four research papers from the Session Databases of CIKM 2012: Maui, HI, USA which discusses about the Information storage and retrieval. We will dis- cuss techniques that provide a better solution to manage data. The research papers present a storage system for Big spatio-temporal data, a model for positional access of rela- tional data, and approaches for querying DBpedia data and optimization of Data migration. 1. OVERVIEW In this paper, four research papers are discussed which focus on the storage and retrieval of different varieties of data. In the further sections we discuss how the papers we selected have given different models and techniques for effi- cient data management operations like storage and retrieval of different varieties of data. The organization of the paper will be as follows, section 2 will discuss... ... and how the approach gives better performance results. The other two papers Lushan et al [7] and Xiulei et al [8] provide good insights about quering DBpedia and optimizing data migration respectively. Lastly, there are no generalized methods for loading, re- trieving or as a whole handling and managing variety of data. Different approaches have to be used depending upon the kinds of data. There are numerous tools for capturing data and so the data is growing everyday bigger and bigger. Consequently, there is going to be increase in the number of tools to analyse the data because of its diversity. Each tool or technique is precise to a particular kind of data. At the user’s end, one has to learn various approaches to han- dle variety of data. To summarize, a generalized method of handling data would make life smooth. However, it’s not easy to design such a system.

An abundance of dog doodoo

These homeowners want to remedy the problem, but believe we need to remedy the people and â€Å"encourage† the problem. Allowing your dog to sit on someone's lawn or on private property, could embody many social benefits. As soon as someone sees a stranger In front of their property, It Is natural to become somewhat alarmed but also curious. Therefore, It Is a great opportunity to strike up a conversation and make a new friend. They may also enjoy letting their pet poop in every quarter of the neighborhood and you might gain a dog walking partner.Additionally, dog crap could be a great tool to use against an enemy. If you strongly dislike someone who Is very irritating, bring your dog for a stroll near their house and let your pet do the dirty work. Chances are they won't know it's you and if they do, hand them this essay explaining the many benefits of dog poop. Besides, the world needs people like us! Proportions â€Å"The Solution for Responsible Dog Owners† is a bus iness primarily based In Chicago. They feed off of this pet peeve because homeowners that are frustrated with the amount of poop In their yard will pay for a Proteins kit.They collect a DNA sample of the feces and bring it into the lab to be tested. Once they identify a DNA match, they will notify you so that you can identify the perpetrator and administer a fine. Therefore, I think we are boosting the economy. Without us dog walkers, Portents would not have a business and many people would be without their poop sampling job. In other respects, letting your dog poop indiscriminately can profit the homeowner as well. Manure is actually a great fertilizer and worms especially enjoy it for feeding and growing. Worms help to Increase the amount of alarm and water that gets Into the soil.They break down organic matter, like leaves and grass into things that plants can SE. Worms are a great help to providing a nice, healthy garden filled with flowers and plants (l wouldn't recommend veget ables if feces are present). Granting that there Is an abundant supply of fat worms around the homeowners' yard, they can make extra Income and sell them for freshwater fishing and also as fertilizer for flowers, trees and lawns. In fact, dog feces in the yard can be very good and a helpful FIFO watch where they walk and play and most certainly, they will learn not to put Just anything in their mouths.If by chance they do try and eat dog poop, it is okay, don't ret, because this could build their immune system, fighting bacteria such as E-Coli and Salmonella. Perhaps the mess in the yard does bother you, simply teach your kids some responsibility and make it a task that they have to do daily. Every time they see a neighborhood dog walking down the road, tell them to get the poop bag ready, there's most likely a surprise waiting for them on the front lawn. Not to mention, these daily walks are great for your dog.Most dog breeds were developed with a specific purpose in mind for examp le, sporting, working, herding and so forth. Consequently, whether your pet is a pure bred or mixed breed, chances re he carries genetic traits that drive him to pursue activity and adventure. Many modern day dogs don't get the opportunities to do what their breed instincts tell them to do. In addition, it's a rare dog that exercises on his own, and many backyards don't provide the variety of sensory stimulation most dogs need to ward off boredom.Generally, people walk their dog for four reasons: elimination, mental stimulation, exercise and training. Dogs like to get outdoors, sniff and engage with their environment, exercise and possibly socialize with people and dogs outside his home. It is very important to allow your pup to stop, sniff, investigate, and mark a spot. Allowing your pet to do so is good for him mentally. Dogs gain knowledge of the world through their noses. Mentally stimulating walks will improve your dogs' maturity, growth and satisfaction.At last, dog sit is in fact extremely favorable. Even though the majority of the population would consider this a crude act and not very neighborly, I believe this method of dog walking is beneficial for the home/business owner, the dog walker and certainly the dog itself. Senseless Dog Walkers It is estimated, that there are 73 million dogs in the United-States. Each of those dogs needs to release their bowels like 20 times a day. And those twenty times, better not be on my lawn. This is a major pet peeve of mine and many other people.I hate when inconsiderate dog walkers allow their pet to get rid of their excrement aimlessly (like in someone's yard) and they do not pick it up. Most of my neighbors German Sheppard poops on my lawn, they're foolish if they think I won't notice. Yes, you could assume that I'm already picking up my own dogs' waste, however I need a dozen grocery bags to pick up re-appearing dog feces and it could take precious hours out of my day! I loathe, truly loathe ignorant people who think this is acceptable. It can ruin your reputation within the neighborhood, it can cause problems for the homeowner and it can also put your pet in danger.Allowing your pet to generate excrement on someone's lawn or on private property, could create many social problems for yourself. As soon as someone notices a stranger in front of their property, they will be curious but yet, still concerned. As a result, they will probably make a racy comment wondering why you aren't picking it up. This may ruin your chances of making a new acquaintance. It will most likely gain you a new enemy. Speaking of, there is a great way to get revenge against your enemy. Proteins â€Å"The Solution for Responsible Dog Owners† is a business primarily based in Chicago.They feed off of this pet peeve because smart homeowners, like myself, that are frustrated with the amount of waste in their yard, will pay for a Proteins kit. They collect a DNA sample of the feces and bring it into the lab to be tested. Once they identify a DNA match, they will notify you so that you can identify the perpetrator and administer at least a hundred dollar fine. I think we are boosting he economy, without us reacting homeowners, Proteins would not have a business and many people would be Jobless. In other words, dog excrement all over the lawn is never a blessing for the homeowner.Manure is said to be used as fertilizer and worms enjoy it especially for feeding. However, common worms growing in soil are already disgusting and slimy to have around the yard, not to mention: hookworms, tapeworms and toreadors which can be found in dog feces which humans are also capable of contracting. For example, in the Four Mile Run watershed in Northern Virginia, a dog population of 1,400 is estimated to contribute about 5,000 pounds of solid waste every day and has been identified as a major contributor of bacteria in their water.Your pet may be up to date with its vaccinations, but neighborhood dogs can carr y nasty diseases and worms that can accompany any dog pooh in question. The most significant reason to avoid allowing dogs to lick your face and mouth is because they could have recently come into contact with said contaminated excrement; there is a chance the parasites will be passed directly into your mouth. Children are especially venerable o infection because they tend to enjoy playing in the dirt, where parasites such as hookworm larvae like to lay.Young children may also put dirty hands or toys in their mouth, further increasing the chance for the consumption of infectious material. Besides, the homeowner's dog can be put in uncomfortable situations and also in danger. The strange dogs walking are often unleashed and could potentially be vicious and attack your pet. Let's say there is a female dog innocently minding her own business on her property and suddenly an unleashed male dog decides he wants to mate, she may not have been fixed and then she could end up carrying his pu ppies.That will end up causing her a lot of pain and you several problems, including more expenses, responsibility, labor. It is good for your dog to interact with others however, only when both canines are comfortable and happy with one appearance. You certainly don't need added stress to everyday life, especially when your pet can sense your troubles because they live off of their owners' vibes. It would put your pet into a possible doggy depression stage. Finally, there are billions of logical reasons why dog owners need to pick up their pets feces no matter where it lands.Clearly no one wants to track the mess into their home, work, stores if by surprise; it was clumped under the sole of their shoe. If the unknown feces are not disposed of properly, it could potentially put your pet in danger; the dog walker will gain new enemies and it could entail terrible conditions for the home/business owner. Everyone needs to take this into consideration next time they bring their pet for some exercise; if it defecates, be a conscientious owner and pick it up! This will greatly help everyone in the neighborhood including yourself and your pet. Why own a pet if you can't own up to their mess?

Informative Essay Sample on Baseball A Brief History

Informative Essay Sample on Baseball A Brief History Free sample essay on Baseball: Baseball is the center of the universe without its position in the universe the earth would tilt of its axis and we would all parish in a huge ball of flame. Did you know that baseball is over one hundred years old. The first game of baseball was played in the Elysian Fields, in Hoboken, New Jersey. Since then baseball had came along way to make itself a huge spectator sport. Baseball has been apart of everyone lives, weather you played as a child or went to see a game with your family, or just watched a game on tv , baseball was always there. In this speech I will explain to you a brief history of baseball and how it became are nations pastime and also a source of entertainment for many years. I obtained information for this speech in the book, The Baseball Almanac also from the online baseball archives at www.baseball1.com. Their are 3 main topics I will discuss during this speech. First of which is how baseball came to be in the early days. Second the rapid growth of the game in t he 20th century in America. Last I will talk about the late years of baseball with strikes and labor battles within the league. First the early days of baseball, Unlike basketball and football, interest in baseball were not sweeping the globe. Throughout the 19th century small towns formed teams, and baseball clubs were formed in large cities. In 1845 Alexander Cartwright a team owner himself, put in a list of rules by which teams can play and remarkably we still use those rules today. The first recorded game was played by Cartwrights Knickerbockers against a New York club in the Elysian Fields I spoke of early in the speech. Eleven years later owners came together to form the National Association of Base Ball Players. In the next year of play the game supported itself by charging admission for fans to watch the game. Baseball next turning point would be intertwined with the turmoil of the Civil War. The war hurt many teams and the number of clubs dropped. But the war also helped spread the game around to different states which helped the games come back after the war. Now that we have looked at early baseball. Lets turn to the huge growth of the game in the 20th century. A major step in the game in 1903 when the American and National baseball leagues joined. From their baseball accelerated up hill. In 1905 the world series was implemented and the 2 best teams from each league would play for the title. Also that year the take me out to the ball game that we all know became popular. By 1915 players were getting nice salaries and could quit their other jobs and focus on baseball full time. The 20s and 30s were marked the golden years of baseball big names like Babe Ruth and Ted Williams lured more people to the sport. By this time in America everyone had a favorite baseball team. This made the game a huge source of entertainment back before television. From the 40s and on baseball only changed for the better it had pushed itself through a depression and 3 wars by the 60s and still managed to captivate a huge audience. Now let us move to the modern era of baseball and the problems with labor battles and strikes. In 1965 Baseball players were growing tired of cut wages they hired a man by the name if Marvin Miller a veteran labor organizer to help them change things. This lead to the first bargain agreement in 1968 between players and owners. It was a modest improvement but most of all it gave players leverage to negotiate with owners for there salaries instead of the traditional take it or leave the players were use to. By 1975 there had been more than 50 lawsuits to owners from players who felt they were cheated on salaries or trades. It gave the owners the feeling that they weren’t in charge anymore had to players would have some say in the business side of baseball. In 1975 the season had been delayed 13 games when players went on strike for the right to be a free agent when their contract was up. Owners relented but finally gave into the players conditions. This was nothing compared to t he 1994 season when all of baseball shut down due to a strike. The world series was canceled for the first time 92 years and baseballs commissioner was forced to resign. Problems between unions and owners and contract terms led to the cancel of the season. Many view the strike as huge waste of time since no real modification were put into effect. But finally after 234 days and more than 1 billion dollar in loses and no settlement baseball was back in business. In conclusion my purpose has been to inform you of a brief history of the early days of baseball, how the game accelerated in the 20th century and lastly the labor battles and strikes of the modern era. On that I hope everyone has better understand about what baseball is and how it came to be.

Cell Nulceus essays

Cell Nulceus essays The cell nucleus was discovered in 1828. At this time no one really understood what it did but eventually it was found to be the control center for the cell and it organelles. The cell was discovered by a Robert Brown, a botanist. Robert Brown invented his own microscope with a crude system of lenses. He used the microscope to observe the nucleus of a plant cell and many other things. It was discovered when he was trying to find out how plants reproduce. The cell nucleus could be the most important part of the cell in this time and age. The cell nucleus is so important because it contains all the genetic information for the cell. With all the recent advances in cloning and genetic engineering the nucleus of the cell as become the main attraction. With cloning the cell nucleus is actually removed and replaced with another one to cause the cell to make an exact copy of another cell. Recently the human genome was cracked, this means the scientist have actually discovered what every gene in the human body does and what it is composed of. By using the human genome scientist may be able to cure genetic diseases and defects, maybe even change genetic traits, like the genes that may cause heart disease. The cell nucleus contains about 2 meters of DNA, if the DNA was streched out in a single strand. In the two meters contains the whole code for human life, the closer we are to understanding the human genome the closer we are to understanding how we function, how we are created, and how we evolve. ...

Censorship and Shock Jocks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Censorship and Shock Jocks - Essay Example Howard Stern has said, "It is pretty shocking that governmental interference into our rights and free speech takes place in the U.S., ... It's hard to reconcile this with the 'land of the free' and the 'home of the brave.' "2 Apparently many times callers have tried to get Howard Stern's show censored by the FCC. According to the FCC, "[callers who complain] stating only that the objectionable programming 'discussed sex' or had a 'disgusting discussion of sex' is not sufficient. Moreover, the FCC must know the context when analyzing whether specific, isolated words or images are obscene, indecent, or profane."3 Many times, Howard Stern has had people on his show who are on the fringes of society, including porn stars, hookers, wrestling personalities, politicians, and all kinds of people from various sectors of the American landscape. He prides himself on his show being one of the most controversial there is. Howard Stern's language has apparently not only been a bane to the FCC in the past, but also in the present. The FCC has long challenged many of Howard Stern's statements as being profane or obscene or indecent in nature. Truly, these kinds of shows are not meant to offend intentionally-or, perhaps they are. But the basic point of these kinds of shows is that they force people to think and reevaluate their concepts and notions of right and wrong. Radio persIn that regard, Howard Stern continues to push the envelope as a shock jock. He continually makes comments that are rude, crass, and otherwise disgusting-all in the name of entertainment. Howard Stern does this mainly to entertain-and shock-his listeners. He is known for saying outrageous things. Howard Stern flies in the face of modern radio broadcasting. His foul mouth, his daring attitude, and not-so-subtle displays of affection on his show have shocked and offended many, perhaps. However, what makes Howard Stern appealing as an artist is the very fact that he does shock his listeners. If it weren't for that added touch, he wouldn't be as special as other radio personalities. Radio personalities such as Howard Stern should not be censored because their

Kitkat-nestle Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Kitkat-nestle - Research Paper Example It has grown then in the entire region and operating companies has been opened in every country of Middle East except Iraq and Yemen. In these two countries, selling and distribution of products is done through agents. The regional head office of Nestle was established in Middle East in Dubai in the year 1997. Currently, the activities are focussed on 13 countries of Middle East. The chosen company is such that it is very difficult to consider its weakness in promoting their chocolate. The way in which Kit Kat Company is promoting its product is very strong. They make a discount when consumer buys large pieces. It also has many factories which increases and improves the sales of company. Maximizing the distribution of the product is very strong to achieve the goals for any company to have many consumers and gaining profits like the Kit Kat Company does. The way that retailers promote the Kit Kat chocolate is different. Good retailers should help the customers to observe the chocolate in the supermarket in a good way to sell more. For example, when we went to the see how supermarkets promote our product that we chose, we saw big differences in the amount of the Kit Kat chocolate in each store like in Al-Hadaf Supermarket, there are many sections provide different types of Kit Kat. Kit Kat chocolate is a familiar over the world because it has been produce for a long time. The company shows many advertisements and puts many billboards on groceries and big markets. Their slogan of Kit Kat â€Å"Have a Break, Have a Kit Kat† is very effective to the buyers because many workers and students like eating Kit Kat from what they see in the TV’s advertisement. The weakness that we saw is some supermarkets don’t promote the Kit Kat well. For instance, when we went to the Carrefour in the Manar Mall, we saw the Kit Kat chocolate that they want to sell is few and put it in one shelve. So, Kit Kat Company should know how the retailers promote the

Trends in Business Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Trends in Business Leadership - Essay Example Changes in the work environment lead to new leadership styles whereby leaders change their styles to remain effective. Such changes include improvement in key processes, streamlining functions and restructuring for effectiveness. For an organization to sustain relevance in business, strategists must be put in place to improve the organization’s ability to read and respond to changing trends in the market environment. They should be able to identify challenges in time and respond promptly by improving structures that boost business flexibility and adaptability. Adaptability reduces rigidity of the leaders and enables them to commit to current and future changes. Therefore, they should view change as inevitable and essential part of organization success. The goal of such changes is adapt, regenerate and survive (McLean, 2006). This paper discusses five main trends in business leadership, the reasons for emerging trends and strategies to cope with these trends. Reasons for Trends in Leadership Most leaders lack competencies in strategic thinking, leading change, ability to inspire, techniques to create a vision and involve others in it. They also lack the ability to understand the organizational set up and proper functioning of systems. Most business organizations contain a large number of interacting processes and structures that are difficult to manage. This has forced many organizations to adopt strategies geared towards improving performance and attaining as well as maintaining competitive advantage. Effective leadership is the most significant of the strategies, thus most leaders are pressured by high performance expectation resulting to the emergence of new trends. Information systems in many organizations are indecipherable and complicated making the interactions between different organs of an organization difficult. Interactions in these organizations are non linear complicated implying that minute changes in leadership leads to pronounced, dispropo rtionate effects at all departments. This has led to communication trends and the need for effective leadership trends. Increased globalization has increased the urge to lead across cultures. The transformation from traditional organizational strategies has allowed room for flexibility and expansion enabling businesses to explore international markets. Most local markets are also facing stiff competition from local firms therefore creating a need for most organizations to explore international markets. Most organizations are favoring global-oriented who are able to formulate effective strategies that promote international business. Technology trends are caused by information overload, lack of interconnectedness between organization systems and business communities. Most of the new technologies also disrupt the professional practices. Organizations are thus edged towards effective leadership skills that are technologically sound to steer management towards technological advancement. The main trends in business leadership are: Focus on Human Resource Current market research indicates that most organizations consider human resource as the most eminent asset in corporate growth. Emerging trends predict that human resource will be the most

The Consumption Function Essay Example for Free

The Consumption Function Essay To make the income-expenditure model more realistic, we will need to introduce other components of demand, including the government and the foreign sector. But first we need to recognize that consumers planned expenditures will depend on their level of income. †¢Consumer Spending and Income The consumption function describes the relationship between desired spending by consumers and the level of income. When consumers have more income, they will want to purchase more goods and services. A simple consumption function can be described by the equation C = Ca + by In which total consumption spending, C, has two parts. The first part, Ca, is called autonomous consumption, and it does not directly depend on the level of income. The second part, by, represents the part of consumption that does depend on income. It is the product of the fraction b, called the marginal propensity to consume (MPC), and level of income in the economy, y. The MPC, which has a value of b in our formula, tells us how much consumption spending will increase for every dollar that income increases. If b equals 0.7, then for every $1 that income increases, consumption would increase by 0.7 ÃŽ § $1, or $0.70. As firms produce output, they pay households income in the form of wages, interest, profits, and rents. We can therefore use y to represent both output and income. †¢Changes in the Consumption Function The consumption function is determined by the level of autonomous consumption and by the MPC. The level of autonomous consumption can change, and so can the MPC. Changes in either shift the consumption function to another position on the graph. A higher level of autonomous consumption but no change in MPC will shift the entire consumption function upward and parallel to its original position. More consumption occurs at every level of income. A number of factors can cause autonomous consumption to change. Here are two: Increases in consumer wealth will cause an increase in autonomous consumption. Wealth consists of the value of stocks, bonds, and consumer durables (consumer goods that last a long time, such as automobiles and refrigerators). Note that a person’s wealth is not the same as income. Income is the amount of money someone earns during a period, such as in a given year, whereas wealth represents the persons total net worth. Increases in consumer confidence will increase autonomous consumption ratio. Forecasters pay attention to consumer confidence, a measure based on household surveys of how positive consumers are feeling about the future, because it helps them to predict consumption spending. The Conference Board, a nonprofit organization devoted to disseminating economic analysis, publishes an index of consumer confidence each month that many forecasters rely on. A change in the marginal propensity to consume will cause a change in the slope of the consumption function.

My Own Worst Enemy Essay -- English Literature

My Own Worst Enemy What would happen to you if you must live your life in the hidden of your true self? The book that I recently read is called My Own Worst Enemy written by Carol Sonenklar; hence it was published in 1999 by the Scholastic Inc. In the book, Eve Belkin is a young-teen girl who has just moved to Michigan because of the returning of her mother to medical field works. Eve has hard times in her old school of getting fit-in. Therefore she decided moving to a new place is a great opportunity to reinvent herself. She started to live her life under playing a role of a normal girl who dresses nice and neat all the time to impress her family of course. And yes, Eve gets good returns for what she gave out. She got being friends with two very popular normal girls, Lisle and Kristine. Yet she does not really like them though, because their behavior toward peoples around them is very cold. Eve’s true self later was exposed to everyone at school, after Lisle surprisingly discovered how Eve Belkin’s true self is really look like at home. Eve decided not to act or dress like someone else anymore, because she got enough of uncomfortable out from it, and beside, she said to herself why bothers being someone who is she’s really hate. Therefore Eve started to be herself again by wearing her favorite comfy gray outfits to school. She still got friends who like her. Finally Eve gets to understand the fact that fitting-in is maybe was not a great idea at the first start because maybe everyone was meant to be different and original. Eve Belkin has a few problems in her life. And mostly it got influenced from her family troubles. Her father has just lost his car company job. And for a year, he could not find... ... in reality for a teen girl's life. For instance Sonenklar uses â€Å"cleanaholic† to describe how crazy Eve’s mother is with her neatness. She uses good sense of humor to grab readers' attentions. She got a good sense of style and tone in the story. She knows when the tone should be up and down. Throughout the whole story, the tone was kind of suspicious because Eve’s condition was always anxious and worried. By doing this, it helps readers to feel the main character’s feelings better. It helps because readers are able to put themselves inside of the main character's shoe. I would like to introduce this book to some of my friends, especially to the girlfriends, because I know they will love this book since it is so touching and so true about our girls' live of being a daughter in a family. Well over all, it is such a great book!! I know you will enjoy it too!

Definitions of events management Essay

Events management can be said to have emerged from the increasing commercialisation of popular celebrations, from big affairs such as concerts to small and private gatherings. Bowdin, et al. explained that in certain historical aspects, the increasing importance of events were noted because of the benefits they bring as enumerated through its purpose and objectives. An example noted by the authors were the emergence of the industry as encouraged by political and religious reasons; this happened in the United Kingdom where exhibitions became a popular event that it needed to be sustained. The approach to the sustainability of events, especially as this would lead to the formation of an industry, would then become integral to the management requirements of this practice. Across the world, the management of events would become a more formal approach in organizing festivals and other festivities. Bowdin, et al. therefore presented the following definition of events as follows (14): â€Å"[†¦] anything which happens; result; any incidence or occurrence esp (sic) a memorable one; contingency or possibility of occurrence; an item in a programme (of sports, etc.); A type of horseriding competition, often held over three days (three-day event) consisting of three sections ie dressage, cross country riding and show jumping; fortune or fate (obs); an organized activity at a particular venue, eg. for sales promotion or fundraising. † Based on these definitions, the events that fall under event management are applicable in all aspects. Basically, the last definitiion, â€Å"an organized activity at a particular venue, eg. for sales promotion or fundraising† (14) can be said to already encompass what an event is. However, it should be also noted that the fundamentals of events management also refers to the uniqueness of the event, hence, it is memorable. At the same time, an event may have many sub-events such as â€Å"items†. Last but not the least, as based on the cited definition, an event also includes contingency or possibility of occurrence. This therefore brings up the aspect of events management in which case it is not just about ensuring that the event takes place, but also the management formalises the event in a sense that it is defined by a specific strategy. As previously mentioned, an event in the events management context becomes a project; in this case, the aspects of project management is applied. It is initially important to define what a project is, and according to Bowdin, et al, (267), an event as a project â€Å"produces an asset [†¦] the asset is the ultimate deliverable of the project. The management is the planning, the organizing, leading, and controlling of the project†. Hence, based on these, Bowdin, et al. presented the definition of event management in the following (267): â€Å"The project management of events concentrates on the management process to create the event, not just what happens at the event [†¦] (it) is called the ‘overlay’ as it integrates all the tasks of management. Event management is made up of a number of management areas including planning, leading, marketing, design, control and budgeting, risk management, logistics, staging and evaluation. Each of these areas continuously affect each other over the event life cycle†. Shone and Parry, furthermore, mentioned that in order for an event to be managed in a similar context, the event has to be â€Å"special†; based on this, the authors presented the following pointing out the definitions of events that are managed: †¢ Leisure events (leisure, sport recreation) †¢ Personal events (weddings, birthdays, anniversaries) †¢ organisational events (commercial, political, charitable, sales) †¢ cultural (ceremonial, sacred, heritage, art, folklore) The Events Management Concept and Practice Event management is therefore a discipline and a practice. There are many concepts and aspects of event management that needs to be considered especially among those who specialise in certain components of the practice. One of the common perceptions of event management is its dimension as a coordinating activities. Silvers (28) mentioned that in event coordination, the coordinators visualise, organise and synchronise the different elements of an event. In addition, in event coordination, the coordinator also identifies the purpose, scope and the program of the event by means of identifying its intent, extent, and content. Another important point raised by Silvers (28) is that, in agreement with the past discussions on the nature of event management as similar or related to project management, the author also further mentioned the processes involved both in the coordination and the management of events. These aspects, for instance, is through the discussion on the Project Scope (28-29): †¢ Identifying the needs and requirements of the event including the definition of its purpose and the expected outcomes †¢ the description of the product as spelled out by the type of event †¢ product analysis or the identification of the components of the product †¢ the feasibility of the product as based on the analysis of the resources From these, the event becomes more definite through the design of a Work Breakdown Structure and Activity Schedule (29). Another important approach in event management can be considered in the perceptions of the customers, competition and the sponsors. Silvers discussed the aspect of the consumers and the competition. According to the author, the customers make up the â€Å"marketing realm† of the event (30). Hence, it is important to identify a target segment because this helps in the design of the event, from its scope to its marketing to its implementation. Silvers also discussed the competition; for cases such as bars and clubs, any weekend night poses a great amount of competition for any establishment holding an event that night. As the author stressed, it is significant that the bar or club is aware what kind of other events that will take place in another establishment. It is therefore in the strategy of the club or bar owner, along with its hired events specialist, to determine how to best approach competition.

A Sartrean Life

Sartre holds that â€Å"existence precedes essence. † A human being is simply what he or she wills to be. Sartre believes that we are defined by what we do. We are what we choose to do. Existentialism is not an easy concept to explain, and Sartre agreed. He summed up existentialism as existence precedes essence. What does that really mean? Sartre explained it using the analogy of the paper cutter. He said that an artisan whose inspiration came from a concept made the paper cutter. The artisan referred to the concept of what a paper cutter was and created it with a known method of production (part of the concept of the cutter) with a routine. The paper cutter was produced a certain way creating on certain use for it. Therefore, the essence (the pre-production intent and method of creation) came before the actual existence of the paper cutter, its intent and plan for production was already determined. Existentialism is the opposite of this. If it were existentialism, the cutter would have been created at random without anyone knowing the intent of it until the artisan determined an intent for the cutter after its production. Following this line of thought, I find myself in a situation where there would be no despair at all because all the hope lies in ones self. I define myself and my purpose in my life and I then take responsibility for my choice by living out my self-determined purpose. . The supreme virtue of existentialism is ultimate choice. This can only have been obtained if I am true to myself. I also have to take responsibility for my own actions because I choose my own actions and must live with the consequences. I can choose what I become and have to live with it, but I can change it to create a better fit if I thought my choice wasn't totally correct. Although Sartre’s philosophy has many advantages and it builds itself on the belief that we create our own choices and we are responsible for ourselves. I believe that many people will not take the challenge or back out in fear of the responsibility. This occurs because there is no way for the people to know for sure that the choice they make as their definition of themselves is correct. This creates a fear in many people, a fear of being wrong and a fear that being wrong could lead to their demise. Sartre admitted there was much anguish in taking the existential challenge because there was no way of knowing one was right. Sartre's advice to the leery was to be human, stick to ones self, and just hope for the best. This was the point where existentialism neared the thin line between philosophy in religion because to take this challenge, people had to have a belief in themselves in order to stick with their choices. Existentialism got much criticism not only because it was mainly atheistic, but also because of the morals it created. Actually, the morals were not created by existentialism, but by existentialists. They created their own morals and values to comply with choosing their own purposes in life. The meaning of their lives directly paralleled the values chosen, in fact Sartre thought that the values chosen is what ones meaning of life was based upon. This idea was strongly criticized by many people because they feared that this could create anarchy. If everyone created their own values, there would be no set laws in which to obey. Sartre stated that ones conscience would be able to determine between right and wrong; and that one could tell if their choice of action served an injustice to another person. Many were very skeptical of this, however; fearing that, for example, backing out of an agreement was acceptable to some, but would not be acceptable to others. In conclusion, despite the large amount of criticism, Sartre was widely followed and looked upon highly by many. He could support his ideas with reason and logic. These ideas appealed to large amounts of people because of the circumstances they were in. The timing of Sartre was part of what created such a large following. Throughout history, change and the following of new and sometimes radical ideas came right after a large disaster in which people were left in despair looking for hope. If there is one thing to remember about existentialism it is that existence precedes essence. If one is an existentialist or not: one gets out of life what one puts in; the meaning of our lives comes not from what happens in our lives, but what we do in them; and every one of us are actors on the stage of life. In closing, Sartre said it best when he commented, â€Å"Man is encompassed by his own existence and there is no exit. â€Å"

Essay on Racism Black People and Huck

Essay on Racism Black People and Huck Essay on Racism: Black People and Huck Ahmed Heiba English 12/14/12 Br. Jammoudy There have been many distrusts and conflicts between black and white people in the past, but as time changes people change too. Friendships between whites and blacks are sometime the closest and sometimes just never work out for some specific people. In the novel â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,† when Jim was in the island with Huck he was so friendly with him even though Huck’s White. Unlike most black people at their time they weren’t racist to each other and went along very well because they knew that they needed each other a lot. Friendships between white and black people should be no different than any other. What makes them different other than their skin color, don’t they have brains too? When Huck escaped from his father and Jim escaped from the widow and they both met up at Jackson’s island, they needed each other a lot. Huck needed Jim’s forecasting like when Jim could tell that it was going to rain and other skills of Jim’s and Jim need Huck for all the materials he had including the canoe and some of Huck’s hunting skills. They both formed a great bond and became really good friends. They became friends to the degree that Huck could’ve told on Jim and won 300 dollars but Huck said he’d rather die than betray his friend. Today there are many friendships between white and black people but there are always these people that don’t prefer them and try to exclude them out of the society. In the novel, before Jim escaped to Jackson’s island he was a slave for the widow. He had to work for her and he wasn’t allowed to do anything else and for the work he would get food and that’s all. People around hi m would exclude him out of everything. He wasn’t educated even and didn’t used to talk to anyone but the little kids. This made him barely know how to pronounce words when he grew up. Teachers, who were all white, wouldn’t want

Vision Restoration Through the use of Gene Therapy essays

Vision Restoration Through the use of Gene Therapy essays Vision Restoration and its Advances Using Gene Therapy Blindness has yet to be cured, and throughout the years many different experiments and theories have been made and tested. Our technological advances dealing with vision restoration have varied through the years, and especially as we go off into the distant future different theories are created, and the cure for blindness seems to come closer within our grasp. Three years ago scientists went about trying to restore vision using electronic devices which was a new concept for many. This device called for a way of stimulating the neurons in the retina that were still left from various patients who were blind from end-stage photoreceptor deteriorating diseases like the common RP (retina pigmentosa) along with AMD (age-related macular degeneration). It was founded that before death, RP eyes that have slight or absolutely no light perception sight just had a small percentage of 4% or less of the nuclei left in the outer nuclear layer while the ganglion cell layer had 30% and inner layer 80% of its nuclei. Because of this partial degeneration, the retinal implant could stimulate electrically the retinal neurons that are still left and give functional sight (Humayun et al., 2569) The components of this device consisted of a camera, and an image-processing chip, which would be carefully mounted on an eyeglass frame. The way in which it would work is that the mechanism would take and transform a view through as persons eyes into pixels (tiny dots). From there the data would be made into a frequency signal and sent to a retinal microchip that was implanted in the eye. The frequency sent would then be converted by the retinal chip to form a pattern of tiny electrical currents that would be put through a two dimensional grid of electrodes that are placed near each other over the retina. Hence every electrode site would excite the primary neurons, which in effect crea...

Womens Roles in America in the Early 1800s

Women's Roles in America in the Early 1800s In the early 19th century in America, women had different experiences of life depending on what groups they were part of. A dominant ideology at the beginning of the 1800s was called Republican Motherhood: middle and upper-class white women were expected to be the educators of the young to be good citizens of the new country.   The other dominant ideology about gender roles that was common in the first half of the 1800s in white upper and middle-class circles was that of separate spheres: women were to rule the domestic sphere (home and raising children) and men the public sphere (business, trade, government). This ideology would have, if followed consistently, meant that women were not part of the public sphere at all. But there were a variety of ways that women did take part in public life. Biblical injunctions against women speaking in public discouraged many from that role, but some women became public speakers anyway. The end of the first half of the 19th century was marked by several woman’s rights conventions: in  1848, then again in 1850.  The Declaration of Sentiments of 1848 describes clearly the limits placed on women in public life before that time. African American Women and Native American Women Women of African descent who were enslaved had no real public life. They were considered property and could be sold and raped with impunity by those who, under the law, owned them.  Few participated in public life, though some came to public view. Many were not even recorded with a name in the records of the enslavers. A few participated in the public sphere as preachers, teachers, and writers. Sally Hemings, enslaved by Thomas Jefferson and was almost certainly his wife’s half-sister, was the mother of children most scholars accept Jefferson fathered. Hemings came to public view as part of an attempt by a political enemy of Jefferson to create a public scandal. Jefferson and Hemings themselves never publicly acknowledged the relationship, and Hemings didn’t participate in public life other than having her identity used. Sojourner Truth, who was emancipated from slavery by New York’s law in 1827, was an itinerant preacher. At the very end of the first half of the 19th century, she became known as a circuit speaker and even spoke on women’s suffrage just after the first half of the century.  Harriet Tubman’s first trip freeing herself and others was in 1849. Some African American women became teachers. Schools were often segregated by sex as well as race. As one example, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper was a teacher in the 1840s, and also published a book of poetry in 1845.  In other free black communities in northern states, other African American women were able to be teachers, writers, and active in their churches.  Maria Stewart, part of Boston’s free black community, became active as a lecturer in the 1830s, though she only gave two public lectures before she retired from that public role.  Sarah Mapps Douglass in Philadelphia not only taught but founded a Female Literary Society for other African American women, aimed at self-improvement. Native American women in some nations had major roles in making decisions of the community.  But because this didn’t fit the dominant white ideology that was guiding those who were writing history, most of these women are unnamed in history.  Sacagawea is known because she was a guide for a major exploratory project, her language skills needed for the success of the expedition. White Women Writers One area of public life assumed by a few women was the role of a writer. Sometimes (as with the Bronte sisters in England), they would write under male pseudonyms and sometimes under ambiguous pseudonyms.  Margaret Fuller not only wrote under her own name, but she also published a book on Women of the Nineteenth Century before her untimely death in 1850.  She had also hosted famous conversations among women to further their â€Å"self-culture.† Elizabeth Palmer Peabody ran a bookstore that was a favorite gathering place for the Transcendentalist circle.   Women’s Education In order to fulfill the aims of Republican Motherhood, some women gained access to more education so- at first- they could be better teachers of their sons, as future public citizens, and of their daughters, as future educators of another generation. So one public role for women was as teachers, including founding schools.  Catherine Beecher and Mary Lyon are among notable women educators. The first African American woman to graduate from college did so in 1850. Elizabeth Blackwell’s graduation in 1849 as the first woman physician in the United States shows the change that would end the first half and begin the second half of the century, with new opportunities gradually opening for women. Women Social Reformers Lucretia Mott, Sarah Grimkà ©, Angelina Grimkà ©, Lydia Maria Child, Mary Livermore, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and others became publicly active in the abolitionist movement. Their experience there, of being put in second place and sometimes denied the right to speak publicly or limited to speaking to women, helped lead some of these same women to work later for women’s emancipation from the â€Å"separate spheres† ideological role. Women at Work Betsy Ross may not have made the first United States flag, as legend credits her, but she was a professional flagmaker at the end of the 18th century. She continued her work through several marriages as a seamstress and businesswoman. Many other women worked in various jobs, sometimes alongside husbands or fathers, and sometimes, especially if widowed, on their own. The sewing machine was introduced into factories in the 1830s. Before that, most sewing was done by hand at home or in small businesses. With the introduction of machines for weaving and sewing fabric, young women, especially in farm families,  began to spend a few years before marriage working in the new industrial mills, including the Lowell Mill in Massachusetts. The Lowell Mill also channeled some young women into literary pursuits and saw what was probably the first women’s labor union in the United States. Setting New Standards Sarah Josepha Hale  had to go to work to support herself and her children when she was widowed. In 1828, she became the editor of a magazine that later evolved into Godeys Ladys Magazine, and was billed as  the first magazine edited by a woman for women ... either in the Old World or the New.  Ironically, perhaps, it was Godeys Ladys Magazine that promoted the ideal of women in the domestic sphere and helped establish a middle and upper-class standard for how women should carry out their home life. Conclusion Despite a general ideology that the public sphere should be exclusively male, some notable women did participate in public affairs.  While women were prohibited from some public jobs- such as being a lawyer- and were rarely accepted in many others, the women of the early 1800s had public roles. Some women worked (enslaved, as factory workers, at home and small businesses), some women wrote, and some were activists.